Tetragonotheca helianthoides

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Distribution Map: Based on vouchered plant specimens only. View county names by placing the mouse cursor over a particular county.

Species Distribution Map
Family:ASTERACEAE
Species:Tetragonotheca helianthoides L.
Common Name:Squarehead; Pineland Ginseng; Pineland Nerve Ray
Habitat:**
Associated Ecological Communities:**
Growth Habit:Herb
Duration:Perennial
Category:Vascular
USDA Symbol:TEHE2
Plant Notes:Pineland Ginseng is a native herbaceous perennial in the Sunflower family (Asteraceae). It is native to the southern half of Alabama. Pineland Ginseng occurs in dry pine or pine/hardwood forests, on roadside banks, in sand hills, and under powerline right-of-ways. It is a perennial with a thick taproot. Several stems up to 2 feet in height are usually produced from each crown. The stems are erect, green in color, and retrorsely villous. The leaves are opposite, sessile, rhombic to lanceolate in outline, and coarsely toothed. The leaves are dark green in color, pubescent, and gland dotted. Flowers are produced in heads. The heads are terminal on the stems or on short shoots from the axils of the upper leaves. The developing heads are enclosed in 4 large, foliaceous bracts, giving the species another of its common names—Square Heads. Individual heads have 6-14 yellow ray flowers that are 3-toothed at the apex. There are 25-150 greenish-yellow or reddish disc flowers. The fruit is an achene. Pineland Ginseng is not usually available in nurseries though it can be raised from seed. The large taproot makes it difficult to transplant, so plant seed in the autumn in the spot you want the mature plant to grow. Seedlings do not transplant well. Plants usually flower in the second or third year from seed. Plants prefer a sandy, well-draining soil and full sun. They are drought tolerant. Pineland Ginseng refers to the use of the root of this plant in the same fashion as American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius Linnaeus) which is absent or rare on most of the Coastal Plain.--A. Diamond
Taxonomic Notes:**
Status:Native
References:**
Specimen: View specimen details in the Alabama Herbarium Consortium Specimen Database

** Not applicable or data not available.

Classification

FamilyASTERACEAE - Aster family
Genus Tetragonotheca
Species Tetragonotheca helianthoides L. - Squarehead; Pineland Ginseng; Pineland Nerve Ray

Citation

Citation Tetragonotheca helianthoides Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 903. 1753.
Basionym: **
Type: USA: VIRGINIA: Without data, Clayton 97 (lectotype: BM). Lectotypified by J.L. Reveal, in C.E. Jarvis et al., Regnum Veg. 127: 93. 1993.

** Not applicable or data not available.

Synonyms

SynonymFull CitationBasionymType
Gonotheca helianthoides Gonotheca helianthoides (Linnaeus) Rafinesque, Med. Repos., ser. 2. 5: 352. 1808.Tetragonotheca helianthoides Linnaeus 1753. 
Polymnia tetragonotheca Polymnia tetragonotheca Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12. 576. 1767, nom. illegit.Tetragonotheca helianthoides Linnaeus 1753. 

Specimens and Distribution

This species has been reported in the following counties by the herbaria listed. An overview of the individual specimens are provided in the table that follows. Click on the accession number to view details; click on column headers to sort; choose a county or herbaria to filter the specimen data.

Counties included on distribution map: Autauga, Baldwin, Barbour, Bibb, Bullock, Butler, Chambers, Chilton, Choctaw, Clarke, Coffee, Conecuh, Coosa, Covington, Crenshaw, Dale, Dallas, Elmore, Escambia, Geneva, Hale, Henry, Houston, Lamar, Lee, Lowndes, Macon, Mobile, Monroe, Montgomery, Pike, Sumter, Tallapoosa, Tuscaloosa

Counties represented by specimen data listed below:

Herbaria represented by specimen data listed below: ALNHS, AUA, BRIT, JSU, SAMF, TROY, UNA, USAM, UWAL

Range of years during which specimens were collected: 1967 - 2019

Barcode / Accession No. County Coll. Date Collector &
Collection No.		 Herbarium &
Herbarium Name Used		 Image
AUA000008458 Crenshaw 12 May 1992 Diamond, Alvin R.
8250		 AUA
Tetragonotheca Helianthoides L.
TROY000002993 Butler 05 May 2002 Diamond, Alvin R.
13143		 TROY
Tetragonotheca helianthoides Linnaeus
UWAL0012090 Dallas 15 Jun 2012 Keener, Brian R.
7314		 UWAL
Tetragonotheca helianthoides Linnaeus
AUA000008453 Chilton 20 May 1971 Freeman, John D.
726		 AUA
Tetragonotheca Helianthoides L.
UNA00058856 Dale 14 May 1999 Kral, Robert
88460		 UNA
Tetragonotheca helianthoides L.
USAM000002842 Mobile 04 May 1968 Scott, D.L.
162		 USAM
Tetragonotheca helianthoides L.
AUA000008472 Lee 15 Apr 1949 Turner, H.F.
 AUA
Tetragonotheca Helianthoides L.
TROY000037888 Crenshaw 17 May 2013 Diamond, Alvin R.
24036		 TROY
Tetragonotheca helianthoides Linnaeus
AUA000008473 Lowndes 16 May 1982 Gunn, Scott C.
609		 AUA
Tetragonotheca Helianthoides L.
BRIT67404 Barbour 20 May 1968 Kral, Robert
30901		 BRIT
Tetragonotheca helianthoides Linnaeus
AUA000008471 Lee 10 May 1979 Keyser, J.T.
113		 AUA
Tetragonotheca Helianthoides L.
AUA000008460 Escambia 5 May 1999 Searcy, Darryl
 AUA
Tetragonotheca Helianthoides L.
AUA000008469 Lee 28 Apr 1951 Rush, Melvin W.
 AUA
Tetragonotheca Helianthoides L.
USAM000002845 Mobile 23 May 1968 LeLong, Michel G.
4641		 USAM
Tetragonotheca helianthoides L.
ALNHS00005052 Elmore 19 MAY 2017 Barger, T. Wayne
YLW-139		 ALNHS
Tetragonotheca helianthoides L.
AUA000024949 Covington 20 May 2009 Hansen, Curtis J.
4042		 AUA
Tetragonotheca Helianthoides L.
AUA000008449 Autauga 10 Jul 1970 Moore, Harold D.
339		 AUA
Tetragonotheca Helianthoides L.
TROY000016533 Sumter 14 May 2007 Keener, Brian R.
3609		 TROY
Tetragonotheca helianthoides Linnaeus
USAM000002841 Mobile 30 Apr 1968 Scott, D.L.
151		 USAM
Tetragonotheca helianthoides L.
UNA00070436 Covington 20 May 2009 Hansen, Curtis J.
4042		 UNA
Tetragonotheca helianthoides L.
TROY000046596 Autauga 02 May 2017 Parker, Matthew R.
703		 TROY
Tetragonotheca helianthoides Linnaeus
AUA000008479 Monroe 22 Apr 1981 O'Halloran, K.
088		 AUA
Tetragonotheca Helianthoides L.
UWAL0043801 Baldwin 10 Apr 2001 Larsen, Harry S.
728		 UWAL
Tetragonotheca helianthoides L.
AUA000008468 Lee 3 May 1955 Alford, H.G.
 AUA
Tetragonotheca Helianthoides L.
ALNHS00001104 Baldwin 17 May 2012 Barger, T. Wayne
SP#470		 ALNHS
Tetragonotheca helianthoides L.
JSU124342 Baldwin 10 Jun 1997 Spaulding, Daniel D.
9930		 JSU
Tetragonotheca helianthoides Linnaeus
TROY000002998 Pike 22 May 2002 Diamond, Alvin R.
13214a		 TROY
Tetragonotheca helianthoides Linnaeus
AUA000008463 Geneva 9 Jul 1990 Diamond, Alvin R.
7022		 AUA
Tetragonotheca Helianthoides L.
UWAL0002801 Butler 24 Apr 2011 Diamond, Alvin R.
21968		 UWAL
Tetragonotheca helianthoides Linnaeus
AUA000008470 Lee 7 May 1949 Cunningham, Hugh B.
 AUA
Tetragonotheca Helianthoides L.
UWAL0035462 Lamar 13 Jul 2017 England, J. Kevin
8194		 UWAL
Tetragonotheca helianthoides Linnaeus
AUA000008461 Escambia 4 Jun 1972 Kral, Robert
47211		 AUA
Tetragonotheca Helianthoides L.
UNA00049662 Mobile _ May 1878 Mohr, Charles
s.n.		 UNA
Tetragonotheca helianthoides L.
AUA000008481 Pike 17 May 1992 Diamond, Alvin R.
8257		 AUA
Tetragonotheca Helianthoides L.
UNA00049656 Mobile 29 Apr 1967 Smith, Jerry
s.n.		 UNA
Tetragonotheca helianthoides L.
AUA000008482 Pike 20 May 1990 Diamond, Alvin R.
6910		 AUA
Tetragonotheca Helianthoides L.
TROY000039325 Autauga 12 Jun 2014 Diamond, Alvin R.
25179		 TROY
Tetragonotheca helianthoides Linnaeus
AUA000008467 Lee 17 May 1969 Harmon, Crystal
116		 AUA
Tetragonotheca Helianthoides L.
TROY000016532 Hale 13 May 2003 Diamond, Alvin R.
13903		 TROY
Tetragonotheca helianthoides Linnaeus
AUA000008480 Montgomery 27 May 1963 Porterfield, Martha
 AUA
Tetragonotheca Helianthoides L.
UWAL0052284 Bibb 16 Jun 2017 Keener, Brian R.
10198		 UWAL
Tetragonotheca helianthoides L.
AUA000008456 Conecuh 13 Jun 1985 Diamond, Alvin R.
842		 AUA
Tetragonotheca Helianthoides L.
TROY000038533 Bullock 27 Jun 2012 Dykes, Bailee
944		 TROY
Tetragonotheca helianthoides Linnaeus
AUA000008484 Tallapoosa 23 May 1972 Freeman, John D.
791-A		 AUA
Tetragonotheca Helianthoides L.
TROY000042843 Geneva 08 May 2015 Diamond, Alvin R.
26322		 TROY
Tetragonotheca helianthoides Linnaeus
USAM000002839 Mobile 04 May 1968 Scott, D.L.
168		 USAM
Tetragonotheca helianthoides L.
UNA00049658 Tuscaloosa 23 May 1974 Cunningham, Alan
s.n.		 UNA
Tetragonotheca helianthoides L.
TROY000002994 Crenshaw 30 May 2000 Diamond, Alvin R.
11703		 TROY
Tetragonotheca helianthoides Linnaeus
AUA000008466 Lee 28 May 1970 Murchison, Grover R.
200		 AUA
Tetragonotheca Helianthoides L.
UWAL0016461 Autauga 12 Jun 2014 Diamond, Alvin R.
25179		 UWAL
Tetragonotheca helianthoides Linnaeus
SAMF0005729 Bibb 18 May 2011 Davenport, Lawrence J.
4673		 SAMF
Tetragonotheca helianthoides Linnaeus
AUA000008476 Macon 17 May 1966 Searcy, James W.
 AUA
Tetragonotheca Helianthoides L.
UNA00058323 Crenshaw 05 May 2002 Diamond, Alvin R.
13133		 UNA
Tetragonotheca helianthoides L.
UWAL0012985 Crenshaw 17 May 2013 Diamond, Alvin R.
24036		 UWAL
Tetragonotheca helianthoides Linnaeus
AUA000008464 Geneva 5 May 1990 Diamond, Alvin R.
6893		 AUA
Tetragonotheca Helianthoides L.
AUA000008465 Henry 20 May 1972 Cox, J.E.
147		 AUA
Tetragonotheca Helianthoides L.
AUA000008462 Escambia 14 May 1966 Woodruff, John M.
20		 AUA
Tetragonotheca Helianthoides L.
AUA000008455 Coffee 26 Apr 1992 Diamond, Alvin R.
8201		 AUA
Tetragonotheca Helianthoides L.
UNA00049661 Tuscaloosa 23 May 1974 Milam, J.R.
38		 UNA
Tetragonotheca helianthoides L.
UWAL0049311 Bullock 03 Jun 2017 Horne, Howard E.
3963		 UWAL
Tetragonotheca helianthoides Linnaeus
JSU124343 Chilton 6 Jun 1972 Kral, Robert
47316		 JSU
Tetragonotheca helianthoides Linnaeus
UNA00049657 Tuscaloosa 23 May 1974 Brown
24		 UNA
Tetragonotheca helianthoides L.
AUA000008474 Macon 17 May 1979 Atchley, Cecil G.
147		 AUA
Tetragonotheca Helianthoides L.
TROY000039234 Montgomery 13 Jul 2014 Diamond, Alvin R.
25309		 TROY
Tetragonotheca helianthoides Linnaeus
AUA000027053 Baldwin 15 May 2008 Barger, T. Wayne
PERD-366		 AUA
Tetragonotheca Helianthoides L.
TROY000002997 Lee 17 Jun 1978 Kral, Robert
62036		 TROY
Tetragonotheca helianthoides Linnaeus
UWAL0009457 Sumter 14 May 2007 Keener, Brian R.
3609		 UWAL
Tetragonotheca helianthoides L.
USAM000002844 Mobile 20 Apr 1967 LeLong, Michel G.
3043		 USAM
Tetragonotheca helianthoides L.
UWAL0046676 Autauga 02 May 2017 Parker, Matthew R.
703		 UWAL
Tetragonotheca helianthoides Linnaeus
AUA000008475 Macon 28 May 1970 Davidson, John
159		 AUA
Tetragonotheca Helianthoides L.
UNA00049659 Lowndes 16 May 1982 Gunn, Scott C.
609		 UNA
Tetragonotheca helianthoides L.
AUA000008459 Dale 9 Jun 1971 Kral, Robert
43168		 AUA
Tetragonotheca Helianthoides L.
UWAL0057207 Bibb 17 May 2019 Keener, Brian R.
1180		 UWAL
Tetragonotheca helianthoides L.
AUA000008451 Chambers 20 May 1967 Golden, Michael
184		 AUA
Tetragonotheca Helianthoides L.
TROY000038567 Dallas 15 Jun 2012 Keener, Brian R.
7314		 TROY
Tetragonotheca helianthoides Linnaeus
AUA000008457 Covington 4 May 1979 Johnson, Kenneth G.
 AUA
Tetragonotheca Helianthoides L.
AUA000008454 Clarke 11 May 1981 Henderson, T.
060		 AUA
Tetragonotheca Helianthoides L.
AUA000008452 Chilton 19 May 1972 Redmond, Bill
0054		 AUA
Tetragonotheca Helianthoides L.
AUA000025150 Escambia 19 Jun 2008 Hansen, Curtis J.
3310		 AUA
Tetragonotheca Helianthoides L.
UNA00049660 Tuscaloosa 05 Jun 1971 Kral, Robert
42886		 UNA
Tetragonotheca helianthoides L.
AUA000008477 Macon 20 May 1965 Merritt, Wayne
 AUA
Tetragonotheca Helianthoides L.
TROY000042483 Geneva 08 May 2015 Diamond, Alvin R.
26322		 TROY
Tetragonotheca helianthoides Linnaeus
USAM000002840 Mobile 04 May 1968 Scott, D.L.
168		 USAM
Tetragonotheca helianthoides L.
UNA00068493 Escambia 19 Jun 2008 Hansen, Curtis J.
3310		 UNA
Tetragonotheca helianthoides L.
TROY000033082 Covington 20 May 2009 Hansen, Curtis J.
4042		 TROY
Tetragonotheca helianthoides Linnaeus
AUA000008478 Monroe 22 Apr 1981 O'Halloran, K.
082		 AUA
Tetragonotheca Helianthoides L.
UWAL0019134 Choctaw 08 Jun 1996 Kral, Robert
85984		 UWAL
Tetragonotheca helianthoides L.
JSU124345 Houston 8 May 1976 Kral, Robert
57962		 JSU
Tetragonotheca helianthoides Linnaeus
UWAL0014095 Bullock 27 Jun 2012 Dykes, Bailee
944		 UWAL
Tetragonotheca helianthoides Linnaeus
SAMF0005728 Coosa 03 Jul 2013 Davenport, Lawrence J.
5509		 SAMF
Tetragonotheca helianthoides Linnaeus
UNA00058328 Butler 05 May 2002 Diamond, Alvin R.
13143		 UNA
Tetragonotheca helianthoides L.
AUA000008485 Tallapoosa 27 May 1976 Rutland, David W.
3046		 AUA
Tetragonotheca Helianthoides L.
AUA000008450 Butler 30 Apr 1967 Barrick, William E.
 AUA
Tetragonotheca Helianthoides L.
AUA000039077 Baldwin 20 Jul 1927 Wolf, Wolfgang
 AUA
Tetragonotheca Helianthoides L.
USAM000002843 Mobile 30 Apr 1968 Scott, D.L.
151		 USAM
Tetragonotheca helianthoides L.
UNA00067052 Sumter 14 May 2007 Keener, Brian R.
3609		 UNA
Tetragonotheca helianthoides L.
UWAL0009456 Bibb 23 May 2008 Cobb, Richard
s.n.		 UWAL
Tetragonotheca helianthoides L.
JSU124341 Autauga 30 May 1970 Kral, Robert
39363		 JSU
Tetragonotheca helianthoides Linnaeus
UWAL0043802 Baldwin 19 Jun 2002 Larsen, Harry S.
973		 UWAL
Tetragonotheca helianthoides L.
AUA000008483 Tallapoosa Apr 1925 Anonymous
 AUA
Tetragonotheca Helianthoides L.
TROY000002995 Escambia 26 May 1995 Brittain, Cynthia L.
271		 TROY
Tetragonotheca helianthoides Linnaeus
JSU124344 Clarke 24 Jun 1984 Whetstone, R. David
14319		 JSU
Tetragonotheca helianthoides Linnaeus
TROY000002996 Lee 13 Aug 1978 Kral, Robert
62510		 TROY
Tetragonotheca helianthoides Linnaeus
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